Pararelism (final project)

Parallelism

Parallelism, also known as parallel structure or parallel construction, is a balance within one or more sentences of similar phrases or clause that have the same grammatical structure.

Examples

        Compare the Following Examples:

·         Lacking parallelism: She likes cooking, jogging, and to read.

·         Lacking parallelism: "He likes to swim and running".

·         Parallel: She likes cooking, jogging, and reading.

·         Parallel: She likes to cook, jog, and read.

·         Parallel: "He likes to swim and run."

·         Parallel: "He likes swimming and running."

In the above example, the first sentence has two gerunds and one infinitive. To make it parallel, the sentence can be rewritten with three gerunds or three infinitives.

• Lacking parallelism: The dog ran across the yard, jumped over the fence, and down the alley he sprinted.
• Parallel: The dog ran across the yard, jumped over the fence, and sprinted down the alley.

Note that the first nonparallel example, while inelegantly worded, is grammatically correct: "cooking," "jogging," and "to read" are all grammatically valid conclusions to "She likes." The second nonparallel example is not grammatically correct: "down the alley he sprinted" is not a grammatically valid conclusion to "The dog."

Parallelism in Sentences

Examples of parallelism within sentences:

• You need to work quickly and decisively.
• He was a prolific author, writing poems, short stories, novels, and screenplays.
• Like father, like son.
• This is not only just what I wanted, but also just what I needed.
• Congress needs to either reduce spending or raise taxes.
• She is sneaky and manipulative.
• In the parade the Boy Scouts presented the colors, the band marched and the mayor rode in a convertible.
• The escaped criminal was wanted dead or alive.
• Mother was very busy gathering the laundry, dusting the furniture and washing the dishes.
• Easy come, easy go.
• How you live your life is more important than how many millions you have.
• To survive you need: water, food and shelter.
• I want to have both a new house and a new wardrobe.
• For exercise, I prefer swimming to calisthenics.
• You may respond by calling, visiting or e-mailing.
• What goes around comes around.
• I am neither a Catholic nor a Protestant.
• My favorite foods are pizza, chocolate, steak and donuts.
• He likes television shows that have deep characters, interesting stories and good actors.
• My face is washed, my hair is combed and my teeth are brushed.
• We are giving away our furniture, selling our house and moving to Spain.
• Flying is fast, comfortable, and safe.
• To succeed in life, you need to take advantage of opportunities and to follow your dreams.
• The problem was not in planning or in development, but rather in production.
• Whether in class, at work or at home, Shasta was always busy.
• Vote for Thomas because he is intelligent, caring, honest and hardworking.
• Nancy read a book while Joe watched television.

Parallelism in Texts

Examples of parallelism in longer texts:

• In the famous speech of Martin Luther King, Jr., the phrase “I have a dream” was repeated often and is an example of parallelism for clarity and emphasis.
• “My fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.” - John F. Kennedy
• In the Beatitudes from the book of Matthew in the Bible, they begin with “Blessed are the ...” as in “Blessed are those who mourn, for they will be comforted” and “Blessed are the meek, for they will inherit the Earth.”
• "I don’t want to live on in my work. I want to live on in my apartment." - Woody Allen
• "Today's students can put dope in their veins or hope in their brains. If they can conceive it and believe it, they can achieve it. They must know it is not their aptitude but their attitude that will determine their altitude." - Jesse Jackson
• "For the end of a theoretical science is truth, but the end of a practical science is performance." - Aristotle
• “My fellow citizens: I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors.” - Barack Obama.

Final term (Structure 4)

1. Compound Sentence

A compound sentence refers to a sentence made up of two independent clauses (or complete sentences) connected to one another with a coordinating conjunction.

The coordinators are as follows:

·         For

·         And

·         Nor

·         But

·         Or

·         Yet

·         So

(Helpful hint (it help to remember the coordinators): The first letter of each of the coordinators spells FANBOYS.)

Except for very short sentences, coordinators are always preceded by a comma

Examples:

1.      She tries to sing a mellow song, and he tries to sing a metallic song.

2.      My mother is cooking, but my father is dancing

3.      Aliando and prily are acting in “Ganteng- Ganteng Srigala” film, but Rajo Langit and Ratna are acting in “7 manusia harimau” film.

 The above three sentences are compound sentences. Each sentence contains two independent clauses, and they are joined by a coordinator with a comma preceding it.

 2. Interpreting idea about compound sentence

 I think some people in the world have the same opinion with me when they talk about love. Love means senses that always feel every human in the world. It is also the feeling that had given by god to each mankind. According to many reference stated that love is refers to a variety of different feelings, states, and attitudes that ranges from interpersonal affection, also an emotion of a strong attraction and personal attachment, a virtue representing human kindness, compassion, and affection, or describe compassionate and affectionate actions towards other humans oneself or animals. Actually the meaning of love is wide. It can be love with your family, friends, or your pet.

If there is a question to teenager about “what do you know about love?” The first word they will think is happiness. It means that all people in the world have the same expectation. Usually love is identical with teenager or young people who didn’t think about the future. They just think about what makes their self happy and satisfied their heart, many teenagers do that.

Although just few persons thinks that love is sadness and it just causes they have bad experience in love. But, for someone who said that love is beautiful. It is someone who falling in love. For someone who has broken hearts and they will choose being alone without letting any attention for another person to fill their hearts and remove their emptiness. But, when someone has been alone without their couple, who will be helps them to face the world.

A number of teenagers usually will feel more ambitiously when they talk about love because they have sensitive feeling. Love is being their hot issues that obligatory should be talked about. Actually when they are falling in love they remember doing something that hurts their self but they forgot it. It is causes they find new happiness. Moreover although love is always hurts but teenagers still keep trying to make new experience in love as like they doing dating and hang out together with their boy or girlfriend.

It is quite different with someone who was not being teenager again. They just feel love that able together with their children and always give the best attention to their family.

So when you are a teenager let yourself falling in love, also don’t keep your heart from the affection if you feel hurts make it become  your experience to be the best in the future of life to face the world. Also you will feel ready to the other problems that you have to solve and keep forward.

3. Complex Sentence

A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and one or more dependent clauses connected to it. A dependent clause is similar to an independent clause, or complete sentence, but it lacks one of the elements that would make it a complete sentence. 

Examples of dependent clauses include the following:

• because Mary and Samantha arrived at the bus station before noon
• while he waited at the train station
• after they left on the bus

Dependent clauses such as those above cannot stand alone as a sentence, but they can be added to an independent clause to form a complex sentence.

Dependent clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions. Below are some of the most common subordinating conjunctions:

• after
• although
• as
• because
• before
• even though
• if
• since
• though
• unless
• until
• when
• whenever
• whereas
• wherever
• while

A complex sentence joins an independent clause with one or more dependent clauses.

The dependent clauses can go first in the sentence, followed by the independent clause, as in the following:

Tip: When the dependent clause comes first, a comma should be used to separate the two clauses.

1. Because Mary and Samantha arrived at the bus station before noon, I did not see them at the station.
2. While he waited at the train station, Joe realized that the train was late.
3. After they left on the bus, Mary and Samantha realized that Joe was waiting at the train station.

Conversely, the independent clauses can go first in the sentence, followed by the dependent clause, as in the following:

Tip: When the independent clause comes first, a comma should not be used to separate the two clauses.

1. I did not see them at the station because Mary and Samantha arrived at the bus station before noon.
2. Joe realized that the train was late while he waited at the train station.
3. Mary and Samantha realized that Joe was waiting at the train station after they left on the bus.

Complex sentences are often more effective than compound sentences because a complex sentence indicates clearer and more specific relationships between the main parts of the sentence. The word "before," for instance, tells readers that one thing occurs before another. A word such as "although" conveys a more complex relationship than a word such as "and" conveys.

4. Persuasive Essay

Impede Import Car, the Government Increase Luxurious Car’s Tax

Paying taxes is actually the duty of every citizen. The quantity of any tax paid is different for each object. Tax’s car for example, every brand and a quantity of CC will be different for each unit. The use of cars in Indonesia is like a secondary need, especially for use of private cars are brands and comfort, it is comparable as relevant with high purchase price and also in tax. Now the government makes of PP (government regulation) about tax on luxury aids including luxury cars with more than 3000 CC. I believe if this rule is applied to many positive changes that will be obtained even there are some people disagree with the policy.

Someone who disagrees about the policy is a factory that will build investment in Indonesia as claimed by Harry the member of commission IX (DPR member IX) Harry said, "Chrysler automotive company plan to build a factory in Indonesia in 2015 threatened to cancel the plan. In the fact, the plant has the potential to absorb at least 10 thousand workers "and he also considered, there are interest groups that would lose money if the tax on luxury car is applied. Indonesia is the world's second largest market in sale Lamborghini. If this rule applies, then the price of luxury cars will be more expensive and the purchase will be reduced too, it is possible to lose some parties. "There are interest groups that lobbying the government, so the government's hesitation in returning the policy. There is group ware that affected with this policy (PPnBM). I think Indonesia as the second largest market for Lamborghini, it is only natural that the lobby is done," he also said that the Golkar Party has objected to the government's plan to increase taxes on luxury wares (GOODS) for vehicle type CBU (Completely Build Up) with 3,000 CC and above.

The government said that the government has announced a package of measures to stabilize the economy, including the current account deficit (exports-imports minus) and maintain the exchange rate. One of the policies is raising taxes on luxury wares as like luxury cars that are imported, from 75 percent to 125-150 percent.

As usual there are pros and there are cons, in addressing this matter, a lot of people who agreed to the implementation of this economic policy. In applying of luxury cars’ tax, actually the government wants to suppress import of luxury cars only the upper class that not all people afford to buy. The government has considered this economic policy carefully. This luxury car tax increase has been through several stages of start notification to the factories in the country or those who have cooperated with Indonesia to import cars. Increase of luxury car tax is also to increase domestic products, there are many environmentally cars under 3000 CC produced by the vehicle manufacturer in this country. It is absolutely be a golden opportunity for them. If some companies fail to open factories in Indonesia it doesn’t matter and can solved due to the domestic company’s car are able to open a lot of job vacancy to the citizens of Indonesia. This policy would also slightly reduce traffic jam.

So the conclusion is there are pros and cons opinion about this issue is very influential for the implementation of the policy, although the policy has implemented but still little parties disagree, in this case the government should make more transparency the use of the luxury car tax in order to avoid misunderstanding in enacting that policies listed in government regulation (PP) without harming a lot of side.

5. paragraph complex and compound sentence

      If you want to advance in your career, you have to make some careful decisions. choose which jobs to take. Evaluate a job offer for the value it has to your career. It may mean sacrifice at first. You may have to move into different region or different country to get  job which is comfort for you. You may have to work late hours, at least temporally. You may even have to take lower salary for a job that offers you the experience that you need. But, you should never a job if it is not related to your career goals. So, you have to think carefully before accepting any position and make sure the job is your goals.  

Exercises for (Present-past participle and clause)

(Present-past participle and clause)

Answer this question with the best answer!

1.      At around two years of age, many children regularly produce sentences ….. three or four words.
(A) are containing
(B) containing
(C) contain.
(D) contains planet.

(E) contained

2.      The people … for the bus in the rain are getting wet.
(A) who are waiting
(B) which is waiting
(C) that are waiting
(D) that waiting

(E) who wait

3.      Consuming a preserved food,  Rena becomes fat. The underlined word means…

(A) After Rena had consumed

(B) When Rena consumes

(C) While Rena is consuming

(D) Because Rena consumes

(E) Although Rena consumes

4.      This apartment ... by my grandfather long time ago is very beautiful.

(A) had been built      

(B)  is built

(C)  has been built   

(D)  will be built

(E)  built

5.      The policeman … by the car is now recovered

(A) stroked

(B)  is striking

(C)  strike

(D)  has strike

(E)  stricken

6.       ….his explanation, the teacher asked the students questions.

(A)  Finished.

(B)  He finished.

(C)  Finishing.

(D)  To be finished.

(E)  Having finished.

7.      Walking down the street, I found a coin. The underlined words means…

(A) If I was walking

(B) When I was walking

(C) When I am walking

(D) Although I was walking

(E) Because I was walking

8.      ….that the students were cheating, Mr. Is9ni was very angry

(A)  known

(B)  to know

(C)  knew

(D)  although he knew

(E)  knowing

9.      .....eating in the dining room, my mother served a salty coffee for my father.

(A). as though

(B). while

(C). until

(D) since.

(E) before

10.  Did you see my sister …   accompany me to the party?
(A). that
(B). who
(C). whom
(D). of which
(E). when

11.  In August 1775, explorer Juan Manuel de Ayala, ….noticed three small islands, one of which was rocky and steep.

(A). sailing into the bay of San Francisco

(B). sailed into the bay of San Francisco

(C).is sailing into the bay of San Francisco

(D).has sailing into the bay of San Francisco

(E).was sailed into the bay of San Francisco

12.  What was the concert? …  the concert was?

(A).Which knows what

(B). Who knows what

(C). Who knowing what

(D). Which know what

(E). Who is knowing

13.  Whose book is that? Do you know …?

(A). Whose book that is?

(B). Which book that is?

(C). Whose that book is?

(D). is that book whose?

(E). that book is?

14.  No one believes … she can’t swim.

(A). that

(B). who

(C). what

(D). which is

(E). which one

15.  I will attend the class … the meeting has finished.

(A). since

(B). because

(C). where

(D). after

(E). before

Answer this question with the right answer!

1.      My friend gave me this present. (This present …………………………………………...).

2.      Charles Dickens wrote “Oliver Twist”. (“Oliver Twist” …………………….............).

3.      The ugly sister gave Cinderella a hateful look. (Cinderella …………………………).

4.      Is he going to stay or leave now? I don't care. (I don't care …………………………).

5.      What will you do? It is not my concern. (What………………………………............).